DermPath-India

     Site created by

 Dr Sampurna Roy MD

          

http://www.histopathology-india.net/dermpath.htm

                                       HISTOPATHOLOGY INDIA.COM

             Desmoplastic/Spindle cell
/Neurotropic Melanoma

     Dr. Sampurna Roy  MD

 
Web www.histopathology-india.net
      Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour

          

http://www.histopathology-india.net/SoftTissuePath.htm

August 2007
Surgical-Pathology.com

Histopathology-India.net

Eye Pathology Online

Cardiac Path Online;

Pulmonary Pathology Online

Pathology Quiz Online;

Dermpath-India;

GI Path Online

Mesothelioma-Online;

Soft Tissue Pathology;

Case Index

Infectious Disease Online; INDEX: A-D ; INDEX: E-L ; INDEX: M-P INDEX: Q-Z ; FUNGAL DISEASE ; VIRAL DISEASE.

Myxoid Tumours of Soft Tissue

Classification of Soft Tissue Tumour

Gross examination of soft tissue specimen          

A practical approach to histopathological reporting of soft tissue tumours

Grading of soft tissue tumours

Lipomatous tumours

Neural tumours

Myogenic tumours

Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic tumours

Myofibroblastic tumours

Fibrohistiocytic tumours

ChondroOsseous tumours

Soft TissueTumours of Uncertain Differentiation               

Notochordal Tumour - Chordoma

Extra-adrenal Paraganglioma

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour

Pathology of the Eyelid

Inflammatory diseases of the Eyelid

Tumour and tumour-like lesions of the Eyelid

Adnexal Tumours of the eyelid

Epidermal tumours of the Eyelid

Mesenchymal Tumours of the Eyelid

Melanocytic tumours of the Eyelid

                   

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism.   Visit: Pancreatic Pathology Online

It causes long-term complications in blood vessels, kidneys, eyes and nerves leading to morbidity & mortality.

   Visit: Pathological changes in the eye in diabetes melllitus

Two types:

Type-I (Juvenile diabetes)-10 to 20%

Type-II (Adult onset)- 80 to 90%

Physiology of Insulin:

Insulin is synthesized & stored in the beta-cells of pancreatic islets. Rise of blood glucose stimulates beta-cells for immediate release of insulin and also initiate synthesis of insulin.

Insulin is a major anabolic hormone, necessary for:

i) Trans-membrane transport of glucose & amino acids.

ii) Glycogen formation in the liver & skeletal muscles.

iii) Conversion of glucose to triglycerides.

iv) Nucleic acid synthesis & protein synthesis.

Main metabolic function of insulin is to increase the rate of glucose transport into the striated muscles, myocardial cells, fibroblasts & fat cells. These tissues constitute two-thirds of the entire body weight.

Action of insulin is regulated by the “receptors of insulin” (Tyrosine kinase), which is present in the tissue cells.

 Initially “Glucose transport units” is translocated from Golgi apparatus to plasma membrane and facilitate cellular uptake of glucose.

Only feature of diabetes mellitus is the impaired glucose tolerance.

Glucose tolerance test:

In a normal person, ingestion of 75 Gms. of glucose after overnight fasting will raise the blood glucose, returning to normal within one hour. (maximum 140mg.%).

In a diabetic/potential diabetic, rise of blood glucose will be very high (more than 200 mg.%), and remain at that high level for several hours (2 hrs. or more).

This is due to the lack of insulin secretion by beta cells or lack of utilization of receptors in the target cells or both.

Pathogenesis:

Type-I :

This is due to severe or absolute lack of insulin caused by the reduction of beta-cell mass.

It develops in childhood and becomes severe at puberty.

Patient survives on the supply of insulin. Without insulin supply they develop keto-acidosis & coma.

Genetic factor, autoimmunity & immune mediated injury are implicated as the cause of beta-cell loss.

Type-II :

Two basic metabolic defects:

i) Primary factor is the impaired insulin release by beta-cells

ii) Debatable factor is the inability of the peripheral tissues to respond to insulin.

In addition to genetic factor following points are also considered in the pathogenesis of Type-II diabetes.

I. Obesity- 80 % of Type II diabetes are obese.  Weight loss and physical exercise reverse impaired glucose tolerence.

II. The protein “Amylon” is co-secreted with insulin by the beta-cells, in response to ingestion of food. Amylon accumulates in the pancreatic sinusoids around beta-cells in close contact with cell membrane, and ultimately forms amyloid. Amyloid may contributes to beta-cell-non- responsive to glucose.

                          

Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus (mostly after 10 to 15 years):

1. Arteries:  Atherosclerosis - i) Myocardial infarct   ii) Gangrene foot.

2. Basement membrane of small vessels Microangiopathy - cerebral infarct & hemorrhage.

3. Kidney: Diabetic nephropathy.

4. Retina: Retinopathy ; Cataract ; Glaucoma.

5. Nerves:  Diabetic neuropathy - peripheral symmetric neuropathy of hands & feet. Autonomic neuropathy - disturbance of bladder & bowel functions.     Your Banner

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART

ANATOMY OF THE ATRIUM

ANATOMY OF THE VENTRICLE

ANATOMY OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES

AUTOPSY EXAM. OF CORONARY ARTERIES

EXAMINATION  OF CARDIAC  VALVES

CARDIAC  VALVE  DISEASE

MITRAL VALVE DISEASE

PULMONARY VALVE DISEASE

TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE

PROSTHETIC AND BIOPROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVES

CARDIOMYOPATHY

congenital heart disease

Ischemic heart disease      

Angina pectoris

Myocardial infarction       

hypertensive heart disease  

myocardiTIS

GIANT CELL MYOCARDITIS    

pericardial disease    

PRIMARY TUMOURS OF THE HEART

REPORTING OF CARDIAC TUMOURS

CARDIAC MYXOMA

CARDIAC RHABDOMYOMA

PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA

CARDIAC FIBROMA

CARDIAC LIPOMA

CARDIAC HEMANGIOMA

CARDIAC TERATOMA

MESOTHELIOMA OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE

PURKINJE CELL TUMOUR

CARDIAC PARAGANGLIOMA

MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THE HEART

CARDIAC LYMPHOMA

 

Normal Histology of Skin

Glossary   

Gross examination of the skin specimen

Reporting of biopsies taken for Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Lichenoid (Interface)Tissue Reaction Pattern

Psoriasiform Reaction Pattern

Vesiculobullous Reaction Pattern

Spongiform Reaction Pattern

Vasculopathic Reaction Pattern

Lichen planus-like lesions

Bullous Pemphigoid

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

Hailey-Hailey Disease

Erythema Nodosum

Folliculitis

Impetigo

Furuncle(Boil)

Carbuncle

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Drug related cutaneous lesions

Cutaneous lesion in graft-versus host disease

Verruciform Xanthoma

Xanthelasma