A General Outline for Examining the Heart

Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART ; ANATOMY OF THE ATRIUM ; ANATOMY OF THE VENTRICLE ; ANATOMY OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES ; AUTOPSY EXAM. OF CORONARY ARTERIES ; EXAMINATION OF CARDIAC VALVES ; CARDIAC VALVE DISEASE ;MITRAL VALVE LESIONS ; PULMONARY VALVE DISEASE ; TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE ; CARDIOMYOPATHY ; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE ; congenital heart disease ;Ischemic heart disease ; Angina pectoris ; Myocardial infarction ; hypertensive heart disease ; RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE ; PATHOLOGY OF ASCHOFF BODIES OR NODULES ; myocardiTIS ; GIANT CELL MYOCARDITIS ; pericardial disease ; INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS ;CARDIAC HEMOCHROMATOSIS ; CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS ; HISTOPATHOLOGY REPORTING OF PERICARDIAL SPECIMEN ; HEART TRANSPLANTS - PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION ; ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY-(ALLOGRAFT REJECTION): ; ISHLT SYSTEM FOR GRADING REJECTION ; POST-OPERATIVE CARDIAC PATHOLOGY ; PERIOPERATIVE CARDIAC PATHOLOGY ; PRIMARY TUMOURS OF THE HEART ;REPORTING OF CARDIAC TUMOURS ; CARDIAC MYXOMA ; CARDIAC RHABDOMYOMA ;PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA ; CARDIAC FIBROMA ; CARDIAC LIPOMA ; CARDIAC HEMANGIOMA ; CARDIAC TERATOMA ; MESOTHELIOMA OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE ; PURKINJE CELL TUMOUR ; CARDIAC PARAGANGLIOMA ; MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THE HEART ; CARDIAC LYMPHOMA ;

1. Note any pericardial fluid with its nature, and comment if under pressure.

2. Remove heart intact by dividing pulmonary artery and aorta 3cm above valves and dividing superior and inferior vena cava , followed by identifying and dividing four pulmonary veins.

3. Take a transverse slice 1cm thick from across both ventricles at mid-septal level. Record any infarction (old or recent), its site and record if transmural. Record mural thrombi. Carry out enzyme study if indicated. Measure septal and posterior LV wall thickness and cavity diameter (mean of two planes) for left ventricle.

4. Open left atria (cut from left to a right pulmonary vein) and right atrium (inferior vena cava to atrial appendage). Check atrial appendages for thrombus. Wash out post-mortem clot from left and right ventricles. Weigh whole heart. Record body weight.

5. Examine mitral and tricuspid valves from atria - record any abnormality.

6. Examine aortic and pulmonary valves from above. Check coronary orifices.

7. Make cross-sections across coronary arteries.

8. Take relevant histology blocks.

Histological blocks:

In general blocks are taken from the short axis slice of ventricles in the horizontal plane, sampling the full thickness of septum, the anterolateral wall including the papillary muscles and the posterior wall.

A block is taken vertically through the left atrium to the left ventricle through the posterior cusp of the mitral valve.

In the right ventricle a block should be taken from the free wall of the right ventricular outflow.

These six blocks, if normal , exclude any myocarditis or cardiomyopathy.

Pulmonary Pathology Online
Examination of pulmonary and pleural biopsies ; Percutaneous Needle and Trucut Biopsy Specimen ; Bronchial Biopsy Specimen ;Transbronchial Biopsy Specimen ; Transbronchial biopsy in lung transplant recipients ; Open lung biopsy ; Lobectomy and pneumectomy specimen ; Histopathological reporting of pulmonary parenchymal biopsies ;Useful chromatic and immuno-stains in pulmonary pathology ;Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation ; Chondroid Hamartoma ; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ; Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome ; Complications of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome ; Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis) ; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ;Bronchial Asthma ; Bronchiectasis ; Chronic Bronchitis ; Emphysema ;Bronchiolitis ; Lipid Pneumonia (Paraffinoma) ; Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis ;Pulmonary Thromboembolism ; Other forms of Pulmonary Embolism ; Pulmonary Infarction ; Pulmonary Hypertension ; Pulmonary Collapse (Atelectasis) and Pneumothorax ; Pulmonary Edema ; Pulmonary Hemorrhage (Eg. Goodpasture's Syndrome) ; Sarcoidosis ; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis ; Localized Fibrous Tumour of the Pleura ; Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disease ; Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis ;Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease ;Biphasic Epithelial/ Mesenchymal Lung Tumours ;Pulmonary Carcinosarcoma ; Pulmonary Blastoma ;Large Cell Neuroendocrine tumour ;